A. Objective

To prove the law of mass conservation

B. Basic theory

The Englishman Robert Boyle (1627-1691) is generally credited with being the first person to study chemistry as a separate intellectual discipline and the first to carry out rigorous chemical experiments. Through a careful series of researches into the nature and behavior of gases, Boyle provided evidence for the atomic make up of matter in addition. Boyle was the first to clearly define an element as a substance that cannot be chemically broken down further and to suggest that a substantial number of different elements might exist. Progress in chemistry was slow in the 100 years following Boyle, and it was not until the work of Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) and Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) that the next great leap was made. Priestley prepared and isolated the gas oxygen in 1774 by heating mercury (II)oxide, HgO, according to the equation we would now write as Lavoisier then showed soon there after that oxygen is the key substance involved in combustion. Furthermore, Lavoisier demonstrated by careful measurements that when combustion is carried out in a closed container, the mass of the combustion products exactly equals to the mass of the starting reactants. For example, when hydrogen gas burns and combines with oxygen to tiled water, the mass of the water formed is equal to the mass of the hydrogen and oxygen consumed. Called the law of mass conservation, this principle is a cornerstone of chemical science. The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as principle of mass/matter conservation is that the mass of a closed system (in the sense of a completely isolated system) will remain constant over time. The mass of an isolated system cannot be changed as a result of processes acting inside the system. A similar statement is that mass cannot be created/destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, and changed into different types of particles. This implies that for any chemical process in a closed system, the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products.

C. Chemicals &Apparatus

1. Apparatus

Y-pipe











Beaker glass











Balancing












Balloon











2. Chemicals

2ml of K2Cr2O7 solution












2 ml of BaCl2 solution











2ml of HCl solution











half spoon full of Zn powder

1. Kotz&Purcell.Chemistry&Chemical Reactivity.1990.United States of America: Saunders College Publishing.

di himpunan mahasiswa program studi IPSE tercinta *halah* ini,alhamdulillah saya diberi tanggungjawab sebagai ketua departemen administrasi..hmm semoga saja sy dpt memegang dan menjalankan amanah dengan baik..amiiin :)



*salah ngaplod logo,harusnya yg tulisannya student association bukan student conference.maaf :p

The epidemic of smoking has spread continually around the world. Even today, smoking is the largest addiction of the globe. There are an estimated 1.3 billion smokers. About a third of the male adult global population smokes. About 15 billion cigarettes are sold daily - or 10 million every minute. Someone who has addicted to smoke tends to hard for saying goodbye to cigarette, it caused by tobacco contains additive components. Studies have found that cigarettes are addictive because an unknown component of tobacco smoke appears to destroy an important brain enzyme known as monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). The enzyme is vital for breaking down excess amounts of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that triggers pleasure-seeking behavior. Smokers have decreased levels of MAO B and abnormally high levels of dopamine, which may encourage the smoker to seek the pleasure of more tobacco smoke. Moreover, cigarette industries always release the newest innovation to get their consumer.

Smoking habit is started by following trends. Cigarette addicts usually start their smoking activity since they was adolescence. In that age, adolescent always want to prove their existence. Many kinds of campaign, slogan, and counseling are held to aware the smokers. Appeals in a pack of ciggarrete suggest that smoking accounts for nearly 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. Additionally, smokers are at increased risk for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas. Smokers could read and hear about that caution clearly. Many NGO has reviewed about the effect of smoking for human body. Today, people can acces information about smoking effect in the internet. Smoking can cause dead, death rates of smoking in Indonesia has reached 427 923 inhabitants / year based on the findings KPAI, active smokers in Indonesia approximately 141.4 million persons. Of the 70 million children in Indonesia, 37 percent or 25.9 million children smokers. About 43 million children aged up to 18 years threatened deadly disease. Without due respect to the parties who have struggled to realize the smokers, it seems that all these actions are still far from satisfactory because the fact is, the number of smokers are growing from year to year. A survey showed that approximately 80% smokers grow rapidly in developing countries, 70% of whom are poor.

Does not work with all the above, some community and then loudly shouted that smoking is forbidden. This is certainly the more precautious opinion, and seems to make sense both socially and individually. Many Ulama (Islamic scholars) are of the view that smoking is haram. This view is substantiated by those verses of the Holy Qur'an and a hadits of Rasulullah Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam which prohibit harming one's physical well being, causing distress to others and squandering wealth. While one may not agree with them, their reasoning is has legal grounding and is certainly not baseless. They said that "Killing the cigarette industry would be to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs."

Smoking haram fatwa issued by one of the Islamic organizations recently reaped a polemic, this is really ironic with the fact that the plunge themselves to destruction is something that is forbidden, extravagance and waste of money for something that is not or is less useful as well is something that is not recommended and of course we all agree with this statement.  Addiction to whatever habit is undesirable and disliked. It is a kind of slavery that one imposes upon oneself. The smokers when they do not have their daily dose go crank. Smoking is no doubt prohibited and discouraged in Islam for many reasons. In view of the vivid hazards of health that tobacco has, it is tantamount to taking slow poison. The Glorious Quran says, “Do not cast yourselves, with your own hands, into destruction.” (Surah al-Baqarah 2:195); "...nor kill yourselves..." (Surah al-Nisaa 4:29). Though, smoking is not exactly like committing suicide but one should fear that it resembles to it. Suicide is a major sin, in a Hadith, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "Whosoever drinks poison, thereby killing himself, will sip this poison forever and ever in the fire of Hell". Allah SWT commands all the goodness of mankind in which there is goodness and salvation of man, and He forbids humans from everything that can lead to misery and bad result in the world and the hereafter. “It is not for a believer, man or woman, when Allah and His Messenger have decreed a matter that they should have any option in their decision. And whoever disobeys Allâh and His Messenger, he has indeed strayed in a plain error.” (Al-Ahzab 36)

Here is the Islamic perspective of smoking:

1. Smoking is khobits (bad thing).

There are many instances where the Qur'an gives us general guidelines, and calls upon us to use our reason and intelligence, and seek guidance from Allah about what is right and wrong. Islamic scholars use their knowledge and judgment to make new legal rulings (fatwa). In the Qur'an, Allah says, “...he [the Prophet] commands them what is just, and forbids them what is evil; he allows them as lawful what is good, and prohibits them from what is bad..." (Qur'an 7:157).

The Prophet (peace be upon him) said that: "Allah hates for you three things: gossiping, begging (while being able to work and earn), and wasting money."

2. Smoking is mudharat

Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, has ordered his servant to eat halal food from Rizki that Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala, has given to His servant, Allah S.W.T says regarding:
“O mankind! Eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitan (Satan). Verily, he is to you an open enemy”(QS.Al-Baqarah:168)

And also Allah S.W.T says regarding in other ayat :

كُـلُـوامِـنْطَـيِّـبَـاتِمَـارَزَقْـنَـكُـمْ
“Eat from good food that we have given to you” (Al-Ayah)

Then the second paragraph above is clear that the command of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala to His servant, to eat kosher food is also good that there is no mudharat.

Allah SWT says regarding these aspects inAl Qur’an:
'Those who follow the Messenger, the Prophet who can neither read nor write (i.e. Muhammad (peace be upon him)) whom they find written with them in the Taurât (Torah) (Deut, xviii, 15) and the Injeel (Gospel) (John xiv, 16), - he commands them for Al-Ma'rûf (i.e. Islâmic Monotheism and all that Islâm has ordained); and forbids them from Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism of all kinds, and all that Islâm has forbidden); he allows them as lawful At-Taiyibât ((i.e. all good and lawful) as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods), and prohibits them as unlawful Al-Khabâ'ith (i.e. all evil and unlawful as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods), he releases them from their heavy burdens (of Allâh's Covenant), and from the fetters (bindings) that were upon them. So those who believe in him (Muhammad (peace be upon him)) honor him, help him, and follow the light (the Qur'ân) which has been sent down with him, it is they who will be successful”. (Al-A'raaf:157)

From Sa’id Al-Khudriy Radliallahu ‘anhu bahwasanya Nabi Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam said:

لاَضَـرَرَوَلاَضِـرَارَ
“Don’t give mudharat (to others) and don’t impose mudharat thing to each” (HR. Ibnu Majah dan Ad-Daruqutni dll and hadits hasan)

in the two Authentic Compilations of Bukhari and Muslim, it is reported that prophet (S.A.W) said: “Allah has forbidden you to waste your wealth”.

3. Smoking is mubadzir

People who think will know how to live in muamalah ways. The means of living from God will not being dissipated for something wasteful because wasting something is devil’s behavior

Allah SWT regarding says : ” And give to the kindred his due and to the Miskin (poor) and to the wayfarer. But spend not wastefully (your wealth) in the manner of a spendthrift . Verily, spendthrifts are brothers of the Shayatin (devils), and the Shaitan (Devil - Satan) is ever ungrateful to his Lord.” (QS Al-Israa’: 26-27).

Rasulullah - Shallallhu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam said :

إِنَّاللهكَـرَهَلَـكُـمْثَـلاَثاًقـيلَوَقَـالَوَإِضَـاعَـةالـمَـلِوكـَثْـرةالُّـؤال
“ Allah hate you in 3 things, and He said : deed a waste of money and a lot to ask” (HR. Al-Bukhari)

4. Smoking is excessive thing

Alloh subhanahu wataala regarding says : ” O Children of Adam! Take your adornment (by wearing your clean clothes), while praying and going round (the Tawaf of ) the Ka'bah, and eat and drink but waste not by extravagance, certainly He (Allah) likes not Al-Musrifun (those who waste by extravagance).” {QS Al-’Araaf: 31}.

5.Smoking same as killing yourself .

Smoking increases the risk of overall mortality by 70% compared to non-smokers, and smokers die 5-8 years earlier than nonsmokers).

Alloh tabaroka wa ta’ala regarding says:

'And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Surely, Allâh is Most Merciful to you'. (An-Nisaa: 29)

from Abu Hurairah Radliallahu ‘anhu bahwasanya Rasulullah Shallallahu ‘Alaihi wa Sallam said:

وَمَنْشَـربَسَـمًّافَـقَـتّـلنَـفْـسَـهفَـهُـوَيَـتَّـحَـسَـاهفىنـارِجـهَـنَّـمَخَـالِـدًامُـخَـلِّـدًافِـيهـاابـدًا
“Whoever inhaling poison until death so they will nhale that poison in the jahannam hell forever. (HR. Al-Bukhary dan Muslim).

6. Smoking is throwing ourself to the destruction

The primary basis of this ruling is that a smoker slowly destroys the body that Allah has granted him. The human body is a trust from Allah and has to be safeguarded and protected at all costs. A strong healthy believer is better than a weak one. One who smokes, inevitably destroys one's good health. Rasulullah Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said that one should cherish one's good health before one's illness. The harms of smoking are very well-known today, especially when every cigarette advertisement warns of the harms of smoking.

Allah states: "And do not throw yourself into destruction with your own hands. and do good. Truly, Allâh loves Al-Muhsinûn (the good-doers) " (Qur'ân 2: 195)

7. smoking is harmful.

An Hadith upon the authority of Anas (R.A.) that the prophet (S.A.W) said: (whoever harms a Muslim, has indeed harmed me, and whoever harms me, has harmed Allah)
Reported by At-Tabaraani in Al-Awsat.

It's extremely clear from all presented that the practice of smoking is a harmful one.
An intelligent individual knows the dangers that exist in persisting negative activities, from both a worldly and religious avenue. it has become abundantly clear that, sooner or later, smoking, in whichever form and by whichever means, causes extensive health and financial damage to smokers. It is also the cause of a variety of diseases. Consequently, and on this evidence alone, smoking would be forbidden and should in no way be practiced by Muslims. Furthermore, the obligation to preserve one’s health and wealth, as well as that of society as a whole, and medical evidence now available on the dangers of smoking, further support this view.

identity:

Ineu Gustiani

0902108

IPSE-FPMIPA

Education of Islamic Religion

Mid semester examination: writing essay by Islamic perspective